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Why do plants use an alternative photophosphorylation pathway that evolves cyclic electron flow?
- to adjust the ratio of ATP to NADPH produced
- to increase efficiency of ATP synthesis
- to heat the plant
- to generate oxygen without producing ATP
- to pass electrons from ferrodoxin to biophyophytin
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What is true of entropy?
- A) entropy of a system increases when complex molecules break down
- B) entropy of a system decreases when complex molecules are synthesized
- C) entropy is the measure of the degree of disorder in a system
- D) A and C
- E) all of the above
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During chemiosmosis, energy is harvested from the transfer of electrons and converted into usable chemical energy for cell metabolism. Which of the following statements about this energy conversion is correct?
- A) AMP is produced as ADP is phosphorylated
- B) ATP is produced as ADP is phosphorylated
- C) ADP is produced as ATP is dephosphorylated
- D) ADP is produced as AMP is phosphorylated
- E) none of the above
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The following molecules are involved in the stages of the citric acid cycle:
$\alpha$-ketoglutarate, Citrate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, in which order are they used in the process
- 1,2,5,4,3
- 3,4,5,2,1
- 1,2,3,4,5
- 3,4,5,1,2
- 4,3,2,5,1
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How does the enzyme dehydrogenase function?
- A) Oxidizes a substrate and transfers electron to an acceptor
- B) Oxidizes a substrate and transfers electrons and protons to an acceptor
- C) Reduces a substrate and transfers electrons to an acceptor
- D) Reduces a substrate and transfers electrons and protons
- E) None of the above
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In the chloroplast, light energy absorbed by $P700$ energizes an electron that does which of the following:
- A) immediately forms ATP
- B) transfers to ferredoxin and then forms $NADPH$
- C) immediately forms $NADPH$
- D) transfers to PQ which causes protons to enter the lumen
- E) none of the above
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The following molecules form during the stages of glycolysis: pyruvate, NADH, fructose 1-6 biphosphate, G3P, PEP
- A) 3,2,5,4,1
- B) 1,2,3,4,5
- C) 5,4,3,2,1
- D) 3,4,2,5,1
- E) none of the above
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The first stable product of a dark reaction in $C_4$ plant is:
- A) phosphoglycolic acid
- B) glycolyic acid
- C) Oxalyoacetic acid
- D) Phosphoglyceric acid
- E) Malic acid